Magnetism

• Paramagnetism

• random alignment of electron spins in the absence of an applied magnetic field

• alignment with applied magnetic field: most electron spins aligned with field, some opposed to it.

• Ferromagnetism

• alignment of magnetic moments within domains; random alignment of domains

• alignment of magnetic moments across domains in applied magnetic field

• can be lost by heating (Ni Curie temperature can be achieved in a Bunsen burner flame).