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A four-wire automobile oxygen sensor with its shield cut off to expose the sensor element. Two of the wires lead to a heating element within the sensor and are powered to raise the temperature of the sensor and improve its oxide conductivity. The other two wires are connected to a multimeter set to read voltage. When both sides of the sensor are exposed to air there is no concentration gradient and no significant voltage is observed. When one side of the sensor is placed in an oxygen-depleted environment (created by burning a candle in a closed atmosphere), a voltage develops.
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